Chapter 130 Lao Zhu is overjoyed!The first telescope of Ming Dynasty was born! ! 陈寒于是按照二氧化硅（石英石）占总配料的60-75％，碳酸钾（草木灰）占总配料的12-18％，石灰石占总配料的5-12％的配比，教给了他的学生。
The craftsmen nearby also wrote down Chen Han's recipe.
Chen Han was able to give out such a precious formula at will, which surprised the craftsmen.
If the formula that turns stone into gold is taken out, maybe it can be sold at a good price.
After Chen Han mixed the raw materials, the craftsmen's stoves were also preheated.
Slowly put a hundred pounds of ingredients into the stove, turn off the stove, and wait quietly.
Chen Han was unwilling to say a word at this time but was waiting seriously.
He had seen fired glass in the glass factory before, but this was the first time in the Ming Dynasty, so he had to be careful.
But after Chen Han talked to the craftsmen who made the glaze, they also smiled and said, isn't this just like how we make glaze?
The tools are pretty much the same, and the grinding tools are pretty much the same.
And Chen Han only used flat glass.
These craftsmen can even make colored glazes of various shapes and sizes, so making glass is not a problem.
Moreover, the furnace is also used in the same way. The well-proportioned materials are put into the furnace. Half an hour later, you can see from the opened observation port that the materials have completely melted.
"Turn on the furnace!" Chen Han commanded.
The craftsmen immediately turned on the stove.
A wave of heat forced everyone around him to take a few steps back.
Chen Han stared intently at the glass liquid that had turned into red water.
"Put it in cold water to cool down!" Chen Han spoke again.
The craftsman followed the instructions and guided the molten glass into the edge of the furnace mouth, slowly cooled it, and then placed it into the prepared pool.
Zhu Yuanzhang and the others stared at the glass of water that looked like red-hot molten iron with wide eyes.
Is this what Chen Han said, something that can be as translucent as glass? But they clearly saw that the material they wanted was just ordinary sand.
And Chen Han kept staring at the glass that was slowly taking shape.
Although these glasses are not as smooth as modern glass, after entering the water, you can see that the transparency is very close to modern glass.
Lao Zhu came over and looked into the water, and sure enough he saw glass as clear as glass.
"Houzi, you really did it, Liuli, this is Liuli!"
The craftsmen continued to stir out the glass water and put it into cold water for cooling.
This time, with more than 100 kilograms of materials, the resulting glass only weighed about forty kilograms.
But it was enough for Chen Han.
The craftsmen were all shocked. They were all very experienced craftsmen from Boshan, Shandong.
After all, they were making glaze for the royal family, so they had come into contact with too many glaze products in their lives.
But when they saw the glass being made, they felt that their views were shattered.
From the moment they came into contact with colored glaze, they remembered one sentence - the material of colored glaze is crystal, which is a valuable thing that is difficult to mine.
These raw materials are indestructible and are more precious than your own life.
But they saw with their own eyes that Chen Han mixed a pile of sand, some plant ash, and lime together, put it in the stove, and burned it. It turned out to be more transparent than the colored glaze they made.
They couldn't accept it for a while.
It even feels like an insult to my own craft.
It's like these craftsmen used to use gold as a material to inlay works of art.
But later they discovered that they could make something of the same quality as them using mud.
For a moment, I felt that my craftsmanship was so cheap.
Zhu Yuanzhang was a little excited: "It's really done, you monkey boy, you do what you say.
We just saw with our own eyes that you mixed sand together and burned it in the stove.
Didn't you add anything else? "
Chen Han had been staring at the glass that had just been produced. After hearing the emperor's inquiry, he replied seemingly unintentionally, "Your Majesty, there is nothing to hide in this. This is made by mixing sand together and burning it.
The reason why colored glaze is precious is that its raw material, crystal, is precious.
Glass is cheap because…”
As he spoke, Chen Han whispered in Zhu Yuanzhang's ear, "Old man, don't look at it. This glass seems to be very cheap now, and the materials are easy to get.
But in fact, this is all achieved after thousands of years of exploration.
When glass comes out, it is as precious as colored glaze.
It was only later that later generations continued to explore and improve the raw materials, so they got such a cheap formula.
In the past, when plant ash could not be used instead, sodium carbonate in saline-alkali lakes had to be used as a catalyst, which was expensive.
Nowadays, plant ash is used, which is of course much cheaper.
So don’t feel a sense of disparity in your heart. This is because later generations have gone through thousands of years of exploration.
I come from the later generations, and I master the recipe, not the technique.
Our glaze making skills will be considered top-notch in later generations, so you don't need to have such a big sense of difference. "
After Chen Han whispered these words in Zhu Yuanzhang's ear, Zhu Yuanzhang finally found balance in his heart.
If Chen Han said: That's right, this glass was made by you guys who took advantage of you. Such an expensive thing is actually similar to glass made from sand.
That Zhu Yuanzhang vomited blood.
After Zhu Yuanzhang calmed down a little, he asked softly, "Then the colored glaze used in the palace in the future can be replaced by this glass, right?"
If it could be replaced with such cheap glass, wouldn't it save a lot of money?
Chen Han nodded: "It can't be completely replaced. Glass looks cheap. It's okay to replace paper windows. It's also okay to make mirrors in the future. Nothing can compare with the preciousness of glass.
However, I can give you the formula for the glass. This must be counted as my invention patent and must be recorded in my account.
I have already given out several invention patents, all of which require money. "
When Chen Han said this, Zhu Youwei beside him couldn't help but burst into laughter.
Zhu Yuanzhang looked a little ugly and whispered, "We are all one family, why should we be so indifferent."
But Chen Han quickly waved his hand: "Old man, this has to be done one by one."
The two of them, the grandfather and the grandson, were like this, talking to each other one by one. Chen Han also selected the most transparent glass with the right thickness, and finally selected more than a dozen pieces of glass.
Then he took his students and asked the craftsmen of Liulichang to use diamonds to cut five pairs of circular glass pieces for him.
He would work with craftsmen to grind them into concave and convex mirrors and convex lenses overnight.
Chen Han didn't expect that glass could be made so easily.
It can only be said that in ancient China, many skills were very advanced, the technology was very mature, and the tools were also very advanced.
What are they missing? What is missing is a different way of difficult things like colored glaze can be made.
But they didn't make something as simple as glass. This was a mistake.
After Chen Han came here, he took out the glass formula, which was a kind of fate.
Starting from the afternoon of that day, Chen Han took his students and worked with the craftsmen in Liulichang to grind the newly produced glass.
As mentioned before, the manufacturing technology of colored glaze in China has been mature since the Eastern Han Dynasty.
It has never stopped for more than 1000 years.
Therefore, their polishing tools and grinding tools can make the glass as translucent and smooth as glass. It is conceivable that they are equally good at making this glass.
Chen Han only needs to tell these craftsmen how to do it and grind the glass according to his requirements.
Zhu Gaochi and other clan members were very surprised when they saw this.
This is completely different from their previous education.
The previous private school teachers only knew how to teach them the Four Books and Five Classics and teach them to recite those articles.
But after I came to the engineering college, there were private teachers who taught basic cultural knowledge.
But what I learned more from following Chen Han was to look at everything in this world from a scientific perspective.
In the past few days, they had seen Chen Han demonstrate various machines.
For example, a textile machine, such as a spinning jenny.
Those things were beyond my reach.
These are what the gentlemen in the past would tell themselves. They are just heresy and strange techniques. You must not indulge in them.
You are all descendants of the royal clan. You should learn the orthodox doctrine of Confucianism and abandon such unrealistic empty talk.
You should learn the teachings of sages and sages, and you should study the Four Books and Five Classics with us.
As long as you have these in mind, you can govern the world well and cultivate your moral character.
But after arriving at the School of Engineering, they discovered that another window of theirs had opened.
No wonder the sons of craftsmen and merchants are recruited into this school.
It was because they found that the craftsmen's sons were very capable of doing things.
He has been exposed to it since childhood and learned many skills from his father.
Various tools are in their hands as their arms point out.
As for the sons of businessmen, when they hear something new, their first reaction is how much money they can make if it can be promoted to the market.
What they think about is how much cost to control.
For example, when the flying shuttle loom and the spinning jenny came out, they could see how much faster a person was in one day than before.
How many people can one person support in a day?
Calculate how much cost can be saved.
How much profit can be made.
These are things that they, the clan members, do not understand.
Everyone chatted in private and found that although the sons of craftsmen and merchants were not as good as them, their experience and knowledge were like another world to them.
Make them extra novel.
So after seeing the glass being made, I followed Chen Han and worked with the craftsmen to grind the lenses.
I heard Chen Han say that what he wants to create now is the so-called clairvoyance in the legend.
These two lenses actually use the principle of optics to refract distant objects into another eyepiece.
You can see clear objects in the distance.
You can see things 1000 meters away, or even 2000 meters away.
Hearing this, not only Zhu Gaochi but the others were shocked.
Lao Zhu was also shocked after hearing this.
His first reaction was to stand at a high place during the battle. With this look, wouldn't it be possible to see the opponent's layout, lineup, and actions clearly? This would be even more powerful for the battle. .
So Zhu Yuanzhang stepped forward and said, "Monkey boy, you made this glass just to make this telescope?"
Chen Han nodded: "Your Majesty, I saw that Mu Shuai was preparing to send a thousand musketeers to fight the Japanese slaves this morning. If they used such a sharp weapon during the battle, wouldn't it be twice the result with half the effort, so I want to make it before they set off. good."
After Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he immediately patted Chen Han on the shoulder and said, "No wonder the prince said that you are an unparalleled national scholar. Those things in your belly are simply divine weapons descended from heaven for the Ming Dynasty. They can withstand thousands of people." Thousands of troops."
Zhu Gaochi and the others were very shocked when they heard their grandfather's evaluation of Mr.
It also aroused their interest in learning what Chen Han taught.
When Zhu Youwei heard that her grandfather spoke so highly of her husband, her heart felt sweeter than honey.
This made her happier than praising herself.
While Chen Han was grinding concave and convex mirrors and convex lenses with craftsmen, he explained to his students why he did this.
What was even more eye-opening to Zhu Yuanzhang and others was that by grinding the glass so that it was thin on both sides and thick in the middle, objects could be enlarged.
When combined with another lens that is thick on both sides and thin in the middle, it can magnify small objects hundreds of meters away.
Make yourself as if you are clairvoyant.
Such shocks made Zhu Yuanzhang understand in his heart that what Chen Han is teaching now may seem weird, but it is very close to life.
This coincides with the continuous creation of ancient ancestors in production and life to make life more convenient.
On the contrary, Confucianism pursues nothingness all day long. It pursues the so-called self-cultivation and the so-called orthodoxy, which is far behind the scientific methods mentioned by Chen Han.
After a whole night of grinding and the help of dozens of glass-making masters, Chen Han finally got three pairs of eyepieces that he was most satisfied with. They had any angle, thickness, and could achieve magnification when put together.
After he obtained the retractable copper cylinder from the craftsmen in the Ministry of Industry, he installed the two lenses.
Then he raised it outside and took a look, and immediately saw a bird squatting on a glazed tile more than 1000 meters away, as if it was in front of him.
"It's done!!" Chen Han smiled.
A monocular will do.
These things may seem very simple, but they actually apply the mathematics, arithmetic and physics knowledge that Chen Han has learned.
This involves the size of the lens, the length of the lens barrel, and the extent to which the lens needs to be ground, all of which are carefully designed.
When he made the telescope, Lao Zhu took it over and took a look, and was so excited that he almost burst into tears.
Because through the telescope, he saw things at a distance that he could not see with his naked eyes.
He could even see the helmet patterns on the guards' heads hundreds of meters away.
He thought to himself: If he could have such a good thing when fighting, I wonder how many battlefield opportunities he could have.
Chen Han made three usable outer glasses in a row, and then gave the first one to Zhu Youwei on the spot...
(End of this chapter)